References for the Bayer Process

Technology Type
The Bayer Process — Bauxite to Alumina
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Kokel, Nicolas
2/27/2026 3:29 PM

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  1. Wikipedia. Bayer process (Page version Feb 13, 2026)
  2. Science Direct. Bayer Process (Accessed Feb 25, 2026)
  3. Future Market Insights. Alumina Refining Market Size and Share Forecast Outlook 2025 to 2035 (Sep 10, 2025)
  4. Barnes, M., Jordan N., & Kushagra B. Decarbonisation of the Bayer Process – A Technical Assessment of Enabling Technologies and Process Economics. TRAVAUX 53, Proceedings of the 42nd International ICSOBA Conference, Lyon (Oct 27–31, 2024), pp. 279–298. DOI: 10.71659/icsoba2024-aa001
  5. The Aluminium Association. Bauxite 101 (Accessed Feb 24, 2026)
  6. International Aluminium Institute. The Aluminium Story > Mining and Refining > Refining Process (Feb 15, 2022)
  7. IDC Technologies. Bayer Process (Document date Nov 18, 2014)
  8. Alcoa Corporation. Environmental Review and Management Programme: Wagerup Refinery Unit Three (2005, May). Alcoa World Alumina Australia
  9. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of Ireland. Aughinish Aluminium Limited (AAL) Environmental Licence Review Application, Section 4.8 Operational Report (Document date Apr 29, 2019). 
  10. Learn Metallurgy. Bayer Process (Accessed Feb 24, 2026)
  11. Industrial News Service. Metso Outotec to deliver two energy-efficient flash evaporation plants to NALCO’s alumina refinery in India (Dec 8, 2024)
  12. Outotec. Alumina and aluminium technologies brochure (2011)
  13. Moya J.A. et al., European Commission, Joint Research Centre. Report EUR 27335 EN: Energy Efficiency and GHG Emissions: Prospective Scenarios for the Aluminium Industry (2015). Publications Office of the European Union
  14. Çelikel, B., Arikan, H., & Vural, S. Energy consumption optimization in alumina production (2016). ICSOBA 2016 Proceedings, International Committee for Study of Bauxite, Alumina & Aluminium
  15. Hydro. How a switch of energy source in world's largest alumina refinery enables low-carbon products (Oct 10, 2022)
  16. Global Market Insights. Report GMI13582: Alumina Refining Market Size & Share 2025 - 2034 (Apr 2025)
  17. Kramer, D. A., & Peters, F. A. Information Circular 8958: Cost estimate of the Bayer process for producing alumina—Based on 1982 equipment prices (Document date: Mar 8, 2012). U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines
  18. SysCAD. Bayer Process Modelling for the Alumina Industry (Sep 14, 2021)
  19. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). TENORM: Bauxite and Alumina Production Wastes (Apr 22, 2015)