References for the Hall-Héroult Process

Technology Type
Hall–Héroult Process — Alumina to Aluminium
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Kokel, Nicolas
3/3/2026 9:50 AM
  1. Beck T.R. (2014). Hall and Héroult and the Discovery of Aluminum Electrolysis. The Electrochemical Society Interface, 23(2), 36–37
  2. American Chemical Society (2015). Commercialization of the Hall–Héroult Process: Aluminum Production by Electrochemistry. ACS National Historic Chemical Landmarks
  3. Lorentsen O.A. (May 11, 2014). 125 years of the Hall–Héroult Process — What Made It a Success? In Molten Salts Chemistry and Technology (pp. 103–112). DOI: 10.1002/9781118448847.ch1k
  4. Grjotheim K., & Welch B.J. (1983). Aluminium Smelter Technology: A Pure and Applied Approach (2nd ed.). Aluminium-Verlag, Düsseldorf
  5. Sørlie M., & Øye H.A. (2010). Cathodes in aluminium electrolysis (3rd ed.). Aluminium-Verlag Marketing & Kommunikation GmbH. ISSN 978-3-87017-288-5
  6. Thonstad J., Fellner P., Haarberg G.M., Hives J., Kvande H., & Sterten Å. (Jun 8, 2001). Aluminium Electrolysis: Fundamentals of the Hall–Héroult Process (3rd ed.). Aluminium-Verlag, Düsseldorf
  7. Haupin W.E. (Apr 1, 1983). Electrochemistry of the Hall–Héroult Process for Aluminum Smelting. Journal of Chemical Education, 60(4), 279–283. DOI: 10.1021/ed060p279
  8. Mandin P., Wüthrich R., & Roustan H. (2009). Industrial Aluminium Production: the Hall–Héroult Process Modelling. ECS Transactions, 19(26), 1–10. DOI: 10.1149/1.3247986
  9. Coursol P., Dufour G., Coté J., Chartrand P., & Mackey P. (Sep 25, 2012). Application of Thermodynamic Models for Better Understanding and Optimizing the Hall–Héroult Process. JOM, 64(11), 1326–1333. DOI: 10.1007/s11837-012-0426-x
  10. Sadighi S., Mohaddecy R.S., & Ameri Y.A. (2015). Artificial Neural Network Modeling and Optimization of Hall–Héroult Process for Aluminum Production. International Journal of Technology, 6(3), 480–489. DOI: 10.14716/ijtech.v6i3.887
  11. Moya J.A. et al., European Commission, Joint Research Centre (2015). Energy Efficiency and GHG Emissions: Prospective Scenarios for the Aluminium Industry. JRC Science and Policy Reports, JRC96680
  12. International Aluminium Institute (IAI) (Feb 15, 2022). Aluminium Smelting: The Refining Process
  13. Elysis Joint Venture / Rio Tinto–Alcoa. ELYSIS Inert Anode Technology Programme Updates (Accessed Mar 2, 2026)
  14. Physics Today. (Feb 23, 2015). Hall–Héroult Process. AIP Physics Today News
  15. Wikipedia. Hall–Héroult process (Page version Dec 1, 2025)